The Precipitate

In July 2018, NASA made a big announcement , liquid water found on Mars! This could mean life! But why does water mean life? Why is water essential for life?  The answer is that water is a universal solvent , it can dissolve salts, DNA and proteins, enable their correct folding and act as a medium for their interaction.  Without water, biomolecules cannot take shape, charge or move, and thus lose their capacity to act on their own or interact with each other.  Without being hydrated or solubilized in water, salts, DNA and proteins are just dead powders, crystals, and stones.  This is what happens  proteins transform into the amyloid state. All the active sites from peptide side-chains become sequestered in the " dry steric zipper " between the two beta-sheets that form the backbone of any amyloid protofilament.  The fundamental characters of the amyloid state can be summarized as follows: 1. It's physical . It denotes a physical solid state...

The protein-only hypothesis has dominated the field of amyloid pathologies for more than two decades now, particularly after the Nobel Prize that was awarded to Dr. Stanley Prusiner in 1997, which acknowledged prions as "a new biological principle of infection". The history of the theory of “protein-only conformational replication” goes something like this:  Brain cells are dying, we went looking for a virus, we couldn't find a virus, instead, we found a protein, only! But, we still assumed it behaves like a virus in two main aspects: 1. It kills the cells →  origin of the gain-of-toxic-function hypothesis (GOF). 2. It self-reproduces without nucleic acid →  origin of the prion/amyloid strain hypothesis. Despite being around for about 40 years (since initial publication in 1982), the theory of protein-only conformational replication still lacks a mechanistic description of its two main viral-like assumptions: 1. Amyloid fibrils are no...

وقلت أبقى أعرف أما أكبر أصل الكبار أكيد عارفين كبرت و برضه معرفتش و تهت ما بين كبار تانيين

When is it time to give up a scientific theory and embrace a new one?? Three philosophers of science had opinions about this. Karl Popper laid the foundation of the modern view of science that a theory should have testable and falsifiable predictions. For example: if we have a theory claiming that all swans are white, then the observation of one black swan is enough to falsify our white swan theory. This observation should force us to adopt a more general theory that explains the phenomena of swans being black or white.   Another philosopher of science, Thomas Kuhn, objected. He argued that looking at the history of science; this is not how things always worked. Scientists do not abandon a theory at the first negative test. Instead, science progresses in phases. The phase of “normal science”, where negative results are not rejected, but attempts are made to incorporate them within the old theoretical paradigm. Then comes the phase of “scientific revolution”, where a “par...

بكتب شعر عبيط و مكسر كله كلام متعاد و مُكرر نفس حكاية كل زمان ما الإنسان هو الانسان خايف، مش عارف، تعبان تايه طول عمره و متحير بكتب شعر عبيط و مكسر جه دنيا من غير ما يقرر قلقه بيكبر كل ما يكبر يسأل ايه معنى الأنفاس داخلة و خارجة بميت وسواس هي الفرحة قريبة خلاص ولا الحزن عليه متقدر بكتب شعر عبيط و مكسر يمشي في مليون سكة يدور يمكن ليله في مرة ينور كل طريق يرميه في طريق و مفيش حاجة تبل الريق و يموت سايب طفل بريء برضه يلاقي الصبح اتأخر بكتب شعر عبيط و مكسر دايرة و دايرة مهما يحوَّر يقعد يتفلسف و يفكر يلمح فكرة زي الطيف تاخده العزة و ياخده الكيف يشهر لجل عيونها السيف يزهق منها يقوم متغير بكتب شعر عبيط و مكسر زي مصيره هواه مش أكتر ضايع مهتَز و متنكر لما الدنيا بتقسى بيقسى و اما الدنيا بتحلى بينسى لما تميله بيهدى و يرسى و اما تذله يروح متهور بكتب شعر عبيط و مكسر مرة يكون ظالم متجبر يقتل و يدمر و يفجر هو الحق و هو القوة و الإنسان الصح فتوة متقولليش رأفة و أخوّة لازم نهدم لجل نعمر بكتب شعر عبيط و مكسر مرة يكون مظلوم متكدر لحمه فريسة لكلب الع...

A n interesting paper was recently published by Dr. John Hardy, the father of the amyloid cascade hypothesis, introducing a hypothesis for explaining late-onset neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) based on the failure of degradation of amyloidogenic proteins. This adds to the list of other interesting hypotheses aiming to explain the etiology and pathophysiology of NDDs, especially the prevalent sporadic forms. The list includes the inflammation hypothesis, the antimicrobial hypothesis, the innate immune hypothesis, and the autoimmune hypothesis. All are interesting and each has its own merits; however, they all have one common problem. They are all gain-of-toxic-function (GOF) hypotheses . They all assume that either amyloids are toxic or that they trigger other toxic cascades that ultimately kill neurons. At the same ti me, they all ignore the very plausible possibility that these peptides and proteins have original functions that are lost due to their ...

احنا بشر يا ناس كما بقيت الناس لا هُمّ أزيد تمن ولا اتولدنا رخاص مش محتاجين نتربط ولا نتخبط عل الراس سواسيّة ساعة الألم سواسيّة في الأعراس سواسيّة حب و أمل و شركا في الأنفاس لا حد قلبه ورق ولا حد قلبه ماس واحد في يوم ما انخلق و اللي فَرَق نخّاس لوِّن عيون البشر و وزّع الأجناس قَسِّم ملوك و عبيد و عيِّن الحراس يا تصدقوا كدبتي يا إما سيف و رصاص العرش دم و دهب و الصولجان وسواس اسمع يا عم الملِك يا فتوّة يا هجّاص مش محتاجين نِتملِك ولا كييفين نتداس و لا محتاجين قبضتك و الضلمة و الترباس أنا الولد و البلد أنا السلاح و الفاس أنا القلم و العَلَم و المدْنة و الأجراس و سمايا مش منحتك و الأرض ملك الناس و رقبتي ملكي أنا ولا عمري هحني الراس أنا زيّي زيّك بشر و مفيش ايدين تنباس أنا زيّي زيّك بشر و العدل بس اساس