The Precipitate

أنا المصري و عنواني  تحت خط الفقر جنب الحيط  أنا الساكن في أحزاني  و بدفع بالدموع تقسيط  و بضحك على هم أبكاني  و لولا الضحكة كنت فَنِيت  أنا المسجون و سجاني  هو الحرامي ، وأنا اللي صاحب البيت أنا العريان و متغطي بسواد الليل  أنا البردان و انا سارح بكيس مناديل  أنا العيان و مش لاقي حق برشامة و إن قلت آآه.. يقولوا صبره قليل  أنا الطفل اللي مهري ضرب في الورشة  أنا القاعدة تبيع الخضرة عل الفرشة أنا الناس اللي قلبها بيدق بس صعب تقول إنها عايشة  أنا اللي مدقتش اللحمة  أنا الزحمة  أنا اللي تهت في دروبك أدور فيها عل الرحمة أنا بيتي فِ حواريكي  عايم في مجاريكي  لا أنا عارف أسيب و أهرب  و لا قادر أجاريكي  أنا العايش بين الأموات  أحن عليّ من البهوات  جيتهم ضيف و قبلوني و قالوا بكرة نبقى اخوات  ما هي مش فارقة بالمرة  ما أنا ميت ميتين مرة  مرة في قطر جواكي  و مرة في مركبة برة  و مرة في طابور العيش و مرة عل الحدود في في الجيش و مرة بطلق...

The DNA double helix is probably the most famous structure in the world. Since its discovery in 1953; it became an icon for the molecular basis of life, featured in arts and architecture as a symbol of science's triumph and beauty. However, it is less known that another double-stranded structure is involved in devastating diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and mad cow diseases; the cross-β structure . This structure forms the basis of all amyloids and prions.  Both the double helix and the  cross-β  structures are said to have the capacity to replicate and transmit biological information.  But how similar/different are these two double-stranded structures? Why one of them encodes life while the other causes death? The  double-helix/ cross-β  is the relevant comparison when we want to study the question of whether amyloids/prions can self-replicate and what are their functions in biology and disease. We should not be discussing the amyloid supers...

In July 2018, NASA made a big announcement , liquid water found on Mars! This could mean life! But why does water mean life? Why is water essential for life?  The answer is that water is a universal solvent , it can dissolve salts, DNA and proteins, enable their correct folding and act as a medium for their interaction.  Without water, biomolecules cannot take shape, charge or move, and thus lose their capacity to act on their own or interact with each other.  Without being hydrated or solubilized in water, salts, DNA and proteins are just dead powders, crystals, and stones.  This is what happens  proteins transform into the amyloid state. All the active sites from peptide side-chains become sequestered in the " dry steric zipper " between the two beta-sheets that form the backbone of any amyloid protofilament.  The fundamental characters of the amyloid state can be summarized as follows: 1. It's physical . It denotes a physical solid state...

The protein-only hypothesis has dominated the field of amyloid pathologies for more than two decades now, particularly after the Nobel Prize that was awarded to Dr. Stanley Prusiner in 1997, which acknowledged prions as "a new biological principle of infection". The history of the theory of “protein-only conformational replication” goes something like this:  Brain cells are dying, we went looking for a virus, we couldn't find a virus, instead, we found a protein, only! But, we still assumed it behaves like a virus in two main aspects: 1. It kills the cells →  origin of the gain-of-toxic-function hypothesis (GOF). 2. It self-reproduces without nucleic acid →  origin of the prion/amyloid strain hypothesis. Despite being around for about 40 years (since initial publication in 1982), the theory of protein-only conformational replication still lacks a mechanistic description of its two main viral-like assumptions: 1. Amyloid fibrils are no...

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